Author: kman1000
Date: 2009-09-27 00:29
Quote:
For scales, it is most useful to know major and the 3 minors. After that, perhaps all the modes, pentatonic, whole tone, and the octatonics, and blues scales if you're so inclined.
So, here they are:
Major (wwhwwwh)
natural minor (whwwhww)
harmonic minor (To convert any natural minor scale into harmonic minor, raise the seventh note by a half step)
melodic minor (To convert a natural minor scale into melodic minor, raise both the sixth and seventh notes by a half step).
starting and ending on supertonic. That's a mode called the Dorian Mode
mediant phrygian mode
subdominant lydian mode
dominant mixolydian mode
submediant aeolian mode
leading tone locrian mode
tonic ionian mode (simple major/minor scale)
Pentatonic scale is formed of notes 1 2 3 5 and 6 of the major scale. it's just a major scale with two notes missing - notes 4 and 7!!
whole tone scale - #1 C, D, E, F♯, G♯, A♯, C & #2 B, D♭, E♭, F, G, A, B
Octatonic scale -> has eight notes and is constructed from alternating half-steps (H) and whole-steps (W) H-W-H-W-H-W-H-W
blues scale - One and a half tones, tone, semitone, semitone, one and a half tones, tone.
Quote:
Instead, learn what makes a major, minor, augmented, and diminished triad, and how to invert them, then how to add different 7ths and 9ths to them.
major (built with a major third [4 tones from root] and a perfect fifth from the root [7 half steps from root])
minor (created with a minor third [3 half steps] and a perfect fifth from the root)
augmented (built with a major third and an augmented fifth [4 tones])
diminished triad (built with a minor third and a diminished fifth [3 tones])
to invert them (move the lowest note up an octave, bass note determines the name of the inversion)
7ths (Five types of seventh chords*):
major triad and a minor seventh combine -> dominant seventh chord
major triad and a major seventh combine -> a major seventh chord
minor triad and a minor seventh combine -> a minor seventh chord
diminished triad and a diminished seventh combine -> a fully-diminished seventh chord results (or just called a diminished seventh chord)
diminished triad and a minor seventh combine -> a half-diminished seventh chord
9ths -> made up of a root, a 3rd, a 5th, a 7th (not the maj7th -- just the 7th) plus the 9th note of the scale
Quote:
In general, exercises that get you used to playing various intervals on the instrument are valuable.
I think you are referring to the information below, right? :
intervals
A major second is made up of two half steps
major third is made up of four half steps.
perfect fourth is made up of five half steps
major sixth is made up of nine half steps
major seventh is made up of eleven half steps
perfect eighth (or perfect octave) is made up of twelve half steps
diminished interval has one less half step than a perfect interval
augmented interval has one more half step than a perfect interval
Major intervals can also be made augmented by adding a half step
note - Subtracting a half step from a major interval does not make it diminished; instead, it becomes minor
For example, since C to B is a major seventh (11 half steps), C to Bb is a minor seventh (10 half steps).
• Only after subtracting another half step does it become diminished. Thus, C to Bbb would be our diminished seventh (9 half steps)
Quote:
No need to memorize what they are in each key, just how to construct each one.
I am a student so there no way that I can afford a teacher or purchase any extra books or what not. I'm just too poor. So, you say I shouldn't memorize the scales but memorize the formula, right? So, everyday should I just start playing EVERYTHING that I typed above in every key non-stop until I know with my eyes closed? I just want to absolutely positive of what I need to do everyday, that's all. I have 4-5 hours that I can practice everyday so here is what I plan on doing. I am writing this so you all can let me know if this 100% correct. 
#1.
I will practice the 4 scales (major, natural m, harmonic m, & melodic m) in every key. I will go up and down until I know them by heart. At that point, I will get my girlfriend to just call out random scales in random keys and see if I can play it instantly. i.e. C melodic minor Maybe I'll spend an hour on this.
Next, I will practice all 7 modes in all keys. I'll just go up and down until I know the effortlessly. My girlfriend will test me thereafter.
Then, I'll do the exact same thing with the Pentatonic, whole tone, Octatonic, whole-steps, and blues scales.
#2.
I'm not sure how I should practice chords though. Should I follow the same approach above that I did with the scales? By that, I mean should I just play all the chords -> "major, minor, augmented, and diminished triad and their inversions and also 7ths and 9ths" in every key until I know them by heart?
*MRN mentioned 'exercise that get you used to playing various intervals on the instrument are valuable'. I addressed this and listed what I thought he was talking about. Was I correct MRN? If so, then how do I practice that? Or is it something that I shouldn't practice but rather just keep in mind. (a concept rather than something to practice and develop) ??
Based on the wonderful advice given by Alex, I think what I have typed above is what I need to master to have a very solid foundation knowledge wise to be able to understand how to play ANY instrument. If you can confirm this Alex, then I will start practicing right away! :D
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